Skimming is a reading technique that involves quickly glancing over a text to get a general overview of its content. Skimming aims to rapidly identify the main ideas, key points, and overall structure of a written material without reading every word or sentence in detail.

Scanning is a reading technique used to quickly locate specific information or details within a text. Unlike skimming, which involves getting a general overview, scanning involves a more targeted search for particular words, phrases, numbers, or specific pieces of information.

Contextual clues refer to the information present within a text that helps readers understand the meaning of unfamiliar words, phrases, or concepts. These clues provide context and additional information that can aid in comprehension.

Reference words, also known as pronouns or anaphoric words, are words or phrases that refer back to a previously mentioned noun or noun phrase in a text. They are used to avoid repetition and create cohesion in writing.

Paraphrasing in reading techniques refers to the process of restating information or ideas from a text in your own words while preserving the original meaning. It involves expressing the author's ideas using different vocabulary, sentence structure, and phrasing.

Linear text refers to written information that follows a sequential or chronological order. It is a conventional form of text where ideas and information are presented in a logical and sequential manner, typically from beginning to end. Linear text is structured in a way that guides readers through a clear and organized progression of ideas.

Nonlinear text, also known as nonsequential text or nontraditional text, refers to written information that is presented in a non-linear or non-sequential manner. Unlike linear text, which follows a clear progression from beginning to end, non-linear text does not adhere to a fixed order and allows readers to navigate the content in a more flexible and interactive way.

Author's Tone: The author's tone refers to the attitude, mood, or emotion conveyed by the author towards the subject matter or the audience. It reflects the author's feelings or perspective on the topic being discussed. The tone can be formal, informal, objective, subjective, humorous, critical, or any other emotional or intellectual stance.

Author's Point of View: The author's point of view refers to the perspective or position from which they present the information or argue their case. It encompasses the author's beliefs, values, biases, and experiences that shape their understanding of the subject matter.

Author's Purpose: The author's purpose refers to the reason behind writing a particular text. Authors may write to inform, persuade, entertain, express an opinion, analyze, argue, or evoke certain emotions. Recognizing the author's purpose provides insight into the goals and objectives of the text.