In this topic, you will learn about common vascular injuries that occur in daily life and how the haemostatic system functions as a critical protective mechanism.

This topic overviews the three key phases of hemostasis: vascular spasm, primary hemostasis (platelet plug formation), and secondary hemostasis (coagulation cascade), focusing on the initiator and effect of vascular spasm as the initial step.

This module examines the initial cellular response to vessel injury, specifically platelet adhesion, activation, and aggregation, highlighting the roles of von Willebrand factor, glycoprotein receptors, and temporary platelet plug formation.

The coagulation cascade, including the intrinsic, extrinsic, and common pathways, is detailed, with a focus on clotting factors and thrombin's role in stable fibrin clot formation.

Learners will study how the body safely dissolves clots after vessel repair through fibrinolysis. This section explains the role of plasmin, tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), and regulatory inhibitors that prevent excessive clot breakdown.

This topic highlights the common bleeding disorders such as hemophilia, thrombocytopenia, von Willebrand disease, and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC).

Learners will be introduced to diagnostic tests such as PT, aPTT, INR, platelet count, and D-dimer. Emphasis is placed on interpreting lab results in relation to clinical presentations, supporting diagnostic reasoning.