1.1 History of crop protection and its relationship with other disciplines
1.2 Scope and status of Crop Protection in Malaysia
1.3 Definition of term in crop protection

2.1 Insects as pest or beneficial insect in agriculture
2.2 Binomial classification of insect
2.3 Introduction to major order of pest
2.4 General characteristic of different in insect orders
2.5 Introduction to internal and external anatomy
2.6 Respiratory, circulation and digestion system
2.7 Types of mouth , wing and antenna

3.1 Diagnostic characteristics of major pests in agriculture
3.2 General characters of important families of the above insect order affecting plantation, commercial , vegetable and
fruit crops in Malaysia
3.3 Major pests of five major crops in Malaysia

4.1 Definition of terms: economic damage, economic injury level, economy threshold, pest equilibrium position and
principles of pest control
4.2 Methods used in control:
4.2.1 Traditional - Destruction of crop residue and crop
rotation
4.2.2 Chemical - Commercial and botanical insecticides
4.2.3 Biological - Use of pesticides , predators , fungi, bacteria
and virus
4.2.4 Genetic - Use of resistant varieties
4.2.5 Integrated Pest Management - Combination of different
methods in pest control
4.3 Pest management in important plantation and field crops

5.1 Definition of plant disease
5.2 Concept of plant disease
5.3 Plant disease infection and development

6.1 Groups of plant pathogen
6.1.1 Pathogenic fungi
6.1.2 pathogenic bacteria
6.1.3 Parasitic nematodes
6.1.4 Parasitic viruses and viroids
6.2 Common diseases in
6.2.1 Plantation crops
6.2.2 Horticultural crops

7.1 Exclusion (Disease diagnosis, quarantine)
7.2 Eradication (Cultural practices)
7.3 Protection (Physical , chemical and biological controls)
7.4 Resistance
7.5 Integrated disease management

A1 : Pest
Disease