1.1 Properties of Electromagnetic Radiation
1.2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
1.3 Spectroscopic Measurements
1.3.1 Radiation Absorption: Transmittance and
Absorbance
1.3.2 Beer’s Law: Theory and Application
Limitations to Beer’s Law

2.1 Components of Instruments for Optical
Spectroscopy

2.1.1 Radiation Sources
Line and Continuum Sources
Continuous Sources of Visible, Ultraviolet and Infrared Radiation
2.1.2 Wavelength Selectors
2.1.3 Sample Containers
2.1.4 Radiation Detectors and Transducers
2.1.5 Signal Processors and Readout Devices

2.2 Instruments for Optical Absorption Measurements
2.2.1 Ultraviolet/Visible Spectrophotometers
Single and Double-beam Instruments
2.2.2 Infrared Spectrophotometers
Dispersive and Fourier Transform Instruments
2.3 Ultraviolet and Visible Spectroscopy
2.3.1 Absorbing Species
Absorption by Organic Compounds
Absorption by Inorganic Species
Charge-Transfer Absorption
Effect of Solvent and Slit Width
2.3.2 Quantitative Analysis
Procedural Details
Applications to Absorbing Species
Applications to Nonabsorbing Species

2.4 Infrared Absorption Spectroscopy
2.4.1 Molecular Species that Absorb Infrared
Radiation
2.4.2 Stretching and Bending Vibrations
2.4.3 Qualitative Applications
Group Frequencies
Fingerprint Region
2.4.4 Sample Handling Techniques

3.1 Fundamental Principles in Atomic Absorption
Spectroscopy (AAS)

3.2 Instrumentation for AAS
3.2.1 Line Sources
3.2.2 Source Modulation - Chopper
3.2.3 Atomizer - Flame, Plasma and Graphite
Furnace
3.2.4 Monochromator and Detector

3.3 Flame AAS
3.3.1 Sample Atomization
3.3.2 Properties of Flame
3.3.3 Interferences: Spectral, Chemical and
Ionization
3.3.4 Quantitative Analysis by AAS
3.3.5 Sample Preparation
3.3.6 Standard-Addition Method
3.3.7 Detection Limits

3.4 Flame Emission Spectroscopy
3.4.1 Instruments
3.4.2 Interferences
3.4.3 Comparison with Atomic Absorption
Spectroscopy

4.1 Classification of Chromatographic Methods
4.1.1 Partition Chromatography
4.1.2 Adsorption Chromatography
4.1.3 Ion Exchange Chromatography
4.1.4 Affinity Chromatography
4.1.5 Size Exclusion Chromatography

4.2 Migration Rates of Solutes
4.2.1 Partition Ration
4.2.2 Capacity Factor
4.2.3 Selectivity Factor

4.3 Efficiency of Chromatographic Columns
4.3.1 Band Broadening
4.3.2 Number of Theoretical Plates and Plate Height
4.3.3 Variables that Affect Column

4.4 Column Resolution

4.5 Applications of Chromatography
4.5.1 Qualitative Analysis
4.5.2 Quantitative Analysis
Calibration with Standards
Response Factor Method

5.1 Principles of Gas-Liquid Chromatography

5.2 Instrumentation
5.2.1 Carrier Gas Supply
5.2.2 Sample Injection System
5.2.3 Columns: Packed and Open Tubular
(Capillary) Columns
5.2.4 Stationary Phases
5.2.5 Detectors
Thermal Conductivity Detector (TCD)
Flame Ionization Detector (FID)
Electron Capture Detector (ECD)

5.3 Elution Methods in GC
Isothermal Method
Temperature Programming

5.4 Applications of GC

5.5 Gas-Solid Chromatography

6.1 Scope of Liquid Chromatography

6.2 Instrumentation
6.2.1 Mobile Phase Reservoirs and Solvent
Treatment Systems
6.2.2 Pumping Systems
6.2.3 Sample Injection Systems
6.2.4 Liquid Chromatography Columns
Analytical Columns
Guard Columns
Column Thermostats
6.2.5 Detectors

6.3 Types of Liquid Chromatography
6.3.1 Adsorption Chromatography
General Principles
Stationary and Mobile Phase
Applications

6.3.2 Partition Chromatography: Normal and
Reversed-Phase
General Principles
Stationary and Mobile Phase
Applications
6.3.3 Ion-Exchange Chromatography
General Principles
Stationary and Mobile Phase
Applications
6.3.4 Size-Exclusion Chromatography
General Principles
Stationary and Mobile Phase
Applications
6.3.5 Affinity Chromatography
General Principles
Stationary and Mobile Phase
Applications

A1 : Chromatography is a technique used to separate substances in the sample mixtures for example as Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) and Gas chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). While spectrometry is a technique used to identify a component single substance for examples such as colorimetry, UV-spectroscopy, infrared, FTIR and fluorimetry.

A2 : Firstly, the sample mixture is dissolved in the mobile phase, which carries it through a second substance called the stationary phase. The different components in the mixture travel through the stationary phase at different speeds, causing them to separate from one another. The nature of the specific mobile and stationary phases determines which substances travel more quickly or slowly called retention time.