Body fluids analysis
1.1 Blood
1.1.1 Composition of blood
1.1.2 Blood grouping
1.1.3 Presumptive test for blood
1.1.4 Serology test
1.2 Saliva
1.2.1 Composition and function of saliva
1.2.2 Presumptive test for saliva
1.3 Semen
1.3.1 Composition of semen
1.3.2 Detection and identification of semen
1.4 Collection and preservation of body fluids
1.4.1 Collection of rape evidence
1.5 Case study


Bloodstain Pattern Analysis
2.1 Bloodstain classification
2.1.1 Spatter family
2.1.2 Non-spatter family
2.2 Anatomical considerations in bloodstain pattern analysis
2.2.1 Circulatory system and shocks
2.2.2 Non-traumatic causes of bleeding
2.2.3 Traumatic bleeding
2.2.3.1 Firearm injuries
2.2.3.2 Sharp force injuries
2.2.3.3 Blunt injuries
2.3 Methodology for bloodstain pattern analysis
2.3.1 Determining motion and directionality
2.3.2 Determining the point of convergence and the area of origin
2.3.3 Identify impact angles of the stains
2.3.4 Documentation of bloodstain pattern
2.4 Case study


Forensic DNA
3.1 Principle of heredity
3.1.1 Individuality and genes
3.1.2 Genes and DNA
3.1.3 DNA sequence variation among individuals
3.2 Replication of DNA
3.3 DNA profiling technique
3.3.1 Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP)
3.3.2 Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
3.4 Forensic DNA marker
3.4.1 Variable number tandem repeat (VNTR)
3.4.2 Short tandem repeat (STR)
3.4.3 Y-STR
3.4.4 Mitochondrial DNA
3.5 Interpretation of DNA profiles
3.5.1 Single locus data
3.5.2 Multiloci DNA profiles
3.5.3 Paternity testing
3.5.4 Quality control and complications in DNA profile data
3.6 DNA databases
3.6.1 CODIS
3.6.2 National DNA database (NDNAD)
3.6.3 Malaysia DNA databank
3.7 Collection and preservation of DNA samples
3.8 Case study


Forensic Toxicology
4.1 Toxicokinetics of drugs in human
4.1.1 Absorption
4.1.2 Distribution
4.1.3 Metabolism/ biotransformation
4.1.4 Excretion/ elimination
4.2 Measuring toxicity : LD50, LC50, ED50, EC50, NOEL, NOAEL
4.3 Post mortem forensic toxicology
4.4 Human performance toxicology
4.4.1 Breath testing for alcohol
4.4.2 Field sobriety test
4.5 Forensic urine drugs testing /work place drug testing
4.6 Collection and preservation of toxicology samples
4.7 Case study


Forensic Examination of Human Remains
5.1 Estimation of time and cause of death from post-mortem changes
5.1.1 Rigor, algor and livor mortis
5.1.2 Post-mortem decomposition
5.1.3 Mummification and the formation of adipocere
5.2 Identification of skeletalised bodies
5.2.1 Identification of human and animal skeletons
5.2.2 Identification of long bones
5.2.3 Determining age and sex from skull
5.2.4 Determining sex from pelvis
5.3 Identification of non-skeletalised bodies
5.4 Case study


Forensic Entomology
6.1 Forensically important insects
6.1.1 Blowflies and fleshflies
6.1.2 Beetles
6.1.3 Others
6.2 Ecological roles of insects in decomposition process
6.2.1 Necrophagous
6.2.2 Omnivores
6.2.3 Parasites and predators
6.2.4 Incidentals
6.3 Applications relates to death investigations
6.3.1 Determining post-mortem interval (PMI)
6.3.2 Cause and manner of death
6.3.3 Movement of the corpse
6.4 Collection and preservation of entomological samples
6.5 Case study


Special topics on current research and issues in forensic biology
n/a

Q1 : Is there any laboratory practical for this course?
A1 : Yes