1.1 Discovery of microorganisms
1.2 Pasteur’s contributions and Koch’s postulates.
1.3 Haeckel`s, Whittaker’s and Woese’s classification of microorganisms
1.4 Importance of microorganisms
1.5 Biosurfactant and applications

2.1 Brightfield microscopy
2.2 Other types of microscopy
2.3 Preparation and observation of living specimens: Wet mounts, Hanging drop .
2.4 Staining of Specimens

3.1 The differences and similarities between procaryotic and eucaryotic cells
3.2 Prokaryotic microorganisms- bacteria and archea: Structures externa and internal to cell wall
3.3 Classification system developed by Bergey’s for bacteria
3.4 Archea :Structures external and internal to cell wall.
3.5 Classification system for archaea
3.6 Eukaryotic microorganisms-microscopic algae, protozoa, fungi and parasitic helminth
3.7 Virus

4.1 Physical factors
4.2 Nutritional factors

5.1 Definitions
5.2 Aseptic techniques
5.3 Growth media
5.4 Cultivation of
5.5 Cultivation of fungi
5.6 Cultivation of algae
5.7 Cultivation of animal virus
5.8 Viable but unculturable bacteria
5.9 Preservation of cultures

6.1 The microbial growth curve for batch and continuous cultures

7.1 Morphological characteristics
7.2 Biochemical characteristics

8.1 Physical Agents
8.2 Chemical Agents

A1 : Biology is a study on living cells or entity and can be observed using naked eyes. Microbiology is a study on living cells which are microscopic and can be only observed using optical lenses.

A2 : They are acellular, they cannot replicate, grow, synthesised normally as the normal cells do. They require host cells in order to replicate, grow, etc. When they are outside of the host cell, they are non-living.

A3 : Yes. In fact, the genetic material can be transferred from bacteria to yeasts, plants, and humans.