Course Syllabus
Introduction to the Human Body
1.1 Basic Concept of Anatomy and Physiology: definition of anatomy and physiology and the relationship between them.
1.2 Levels of Organization of the Human Body: brief introduction of organization in the human body starting from atom, molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, system and organism.
1.3 Anatomical Language: directional terms, regions of the body and planes and sections of the body.
1.4 Body Cavities and Membranes: posterior body cavity and anterior body cavity.
1.5 Organ System Overview: a brief introduction about 11 organ systems in the human body.
1.6 Homeostasis: negative-feedback and positive-feedback.
The Integumentary System
2.1 Components of the Integumentary System: epidermis, dermis, hypodermis, nails, hair and glands.
2.2 Functions of the Integumentary System: protection, regulation of water loss, assists the urinary system, sensing, and regulation of body temperature.
2.3 Skin Colour and Disorders of the Skin: pigments of the skin, infections and allergies that affect the integumentary system.
2.4 Burns and Rule of Nines: first-, second-, third- and fourth-degree burns and the rule of nines for estimating the severe of burns.
2.5 Skin Cancer and ABCD Rules: basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and melanoma.
The Skeletal System
3.1 Functions of the Skeletal System: support, protection, produces blood cells, stores, movement.
3.2 Bones Classifications and Bone Anatomy: two types of bone classifications, gross and microscopic anatomy of a long bone.
3.3 Bone Growth and Repair: types of cells involved in bone growth and repair, bone development and remodeling of bones.
3.4 Bone and Calcium Homeostasis: the relationship between calcium level in the human body and the bone.
3.5 Bone Fractures: comminuted, compression, depressed, impacted, spiral and greenstick.
3.6 Axial and Appendicular Skeleton: skull, vertebral column, bony thorax, shoulder girdle, arm, hand, and pelvic girdle.
3.7 Articulations: two systems for classifying joints – according to the amount of movement they allow and according to their structure.
The Nervous System
4.1 Functions of the Nervous System: sensory input, integration, motor output.
4.2 Divisions of the Nervous System: central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS).
4.3 Neurons and Neuroglia: motor neurons, sensory neurons, interneurons, types of neuroglia.
4.4 Electric Signals and Neural Pathways: nerve signal conduction, transmission across a synapse.
4.5 Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems: structures and functions of the CNS and PNS.
4.6 Somatic Motor Nervous System: voluntary actions and reflexes.
4.7 Autonomic Motor Nervous System: sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.
The Sensory System / Senses
5.1 General Senses: mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, pain receptors, chemoreceptors, photoreceptors.
5.2 Senses of Taste and Smell: taste buds and how the brain receives taste information, olfactory cell and how the brain receives odor information.
5.3 Sense of Vision: eye and accessory organs of the eye, anatomy and physiology of the eye and vision pathway.
5.4 Sense of Hearing: anatomy of the ear and sound pathway.
5.5 Sense of Equilibrium: rotational equilibrium pathway and gravitational equilibrium pathway.
The Endocrine System
6.1 Definition of Hormones: what is hormone and how it affects the body.
6.2 Functions of the Endocrine System: general functions.
6.3 Mode of Action of Peptide and Steroid Hormones: direct gene activation and a second-messenger system.
6.4 Anatomical Location and Physiology of the Major Endocrine Glands: pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, thymus gland, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovary and testis.
6.5 Other Hormones: hormones released by placenta and other tissues.
The Blood
7.1 Functions of Blood: transport, defense, and regulation.
7.2 Components of Blood: plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets.
7.3 Hematopoiesis: the hematopoietic role of stem cells in the red bone marrow.
7.4 Hemostasis: vascular spasm, platelet plug formation and coagulation.
7.5 Blood Typing and Transfusions: ABO blood groups and Rh blood groups.
The Cardiovascular System
8.1 Anatomy of the Heart: the wall and coverings of the heart, chambers of the heart, operation of the heart valves and heart sounds.
8.2 Physiology of the Heart: conduction system of the heart, cardiac cycle, cardiac output.
8.3 Blood Vessels: arteries, capillaries, veins.
8.4 Circulation: blood flow, blood pressure, pulse, major systemic arteries, major systemic veins, and special systemic circulations.
The Lymphatic and Immune System
9.1 Functions of the Lymphatic System: fluid-balance, fat absorption, defense.
9.2 Organs, Tissues and Cells of the Immune System: red bone marrow, thymus gland, spleen, lymph nodes, lymphatic nodules.
9.3 Nonspecific and Specific Defenses: barriers to entry, inflammatory reaction, natural killer cells, protective proteins, B-cells and antibody-mediated immunity, structure and function of antibodies, classes of antibodies, T-cells and cell-mediated immunity, types of T cells and cytokines in cancer chemotherapy.
9.4 Immune Response: active immunity, passive immunity, monoclonal antibodies, hypersensitivity reactions.
The Respiratory System
10.1 Structure and Functions of the Respiratory System: organs of the upper respiratory tract and their functions, organs of the lower respiratory tract and their functions.
10.2 Mechanisms of Breathing: ventilation, respiratory volumes.
10.3 Gas Exchange and Transport: external respiration, internal respiration, gas transport (oxygen and carbon dioxide transport).
10.4 Respiration and Health: sinusitis, otitis media, tonsillitis, laryngitis, asthma, emphysema, lung cancer.
The Digestive System, Nutrition and Metabolism
11.1 Anatomy of the Digestive System: mouth, pharynx, swallowing process, wall of digestive tract, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine.
11.2 Accessory Organs of Digestion: pancreas, liver, gallbladder.
11.3 Digestive, Absorption and Transport.
11.4 Nutrition and Metabolism: glucose, fats, amino acids, vitamins, minerals and metabolism.
11.5 Eating Disorders: obesity, bulimia nervosa, anorexia nervosa.
The Urinary System
12.1 Organs of the Urinary System: kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra.
12.2 Anatomy of the Kidney and Excretion: anatomy of a nephron.
12.3 Functions of the Urinary System: excretion, preservation of water-salt balance, maintenance of BP and acid-base balance, secretion of hormones.
12.4 Urine Formation: glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, tubular secretion.
12.5 Fluid and Electrolyte Balance: reabsorption of water, reabsorption of electrolytes, diuretics.
12.6 Acid-Base Balance: acid-base buffer systems.
12.7 Problems with Kidney Function: urinalysis, hemodialysis, kidney transplant.
The Reproductive Systems
13.1 Functions of the Human Reproductive System
13.2 Male Reproductive System: primary sex organs, accessory sex organs, functions, spermatogenesis, hormones.
13.3 Female Reproductive System: primary sex organs, accessory sex organs, functions, oogenesis, hormones.
13.4 Menstrual Cycle: pre-ovulation events, post-ovulation events, menopause.
13.5 Control of Reproduction and Sexually Transmitted Infections: contraception, infertility, genital warts, genital herpes, hepatitis, Chlamydia, gonorrhea.
1.1 Basic Concept of Anatomy and Physiology: definition of anatomy and physiology and the relationship between them.
1.2 Levels of Organization of the Human Body: brief introduction of organization in the human body starting from atom, molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, system and organism.
1.3 Anatomical Language: directional terms, regions of the body and planes and sections of the body.
1.4 Body Cavities and Membranes: posterior body cavity and anterior body cavity.
1.5 Organ System Overview: a brief introduction about 11 organ systems in the human body.
1.6 Homeostasis: negative-feedback and positive-feedback.
The Integumentary System
2.1 Components of the Integumentary System: epidermis, dermis, hypodermis, nails, hair and glands.
2.2 Functions of the Integumentary System: protection, regulation of water loss, assists the urinary system, sensing, and regulation of body temperature.
2.3 Skin Colour and Disorders of the Skin: pigments of the skin, infections and allergies that affect the integumentary system.
2.4 Burns and Rule of Nines: first-, second-, third- and fourth-degree burns and the rule of nines for estimating the severe of burns.
2.5 Skin Cancer and ABCD Rules: basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and melanoma.
The Skeletal System
3.1 Functions of the Skeletal System: support, protection, produces blood cells, stores, movement.
3.2 Bones Classifications and Bone Anatomy: two types of bone classifications, gross and microscopic anatomy of a long bone.
3.3 Bone Growth and Repair: types of cells involved in bone growth and repair, bone development and remodeling of bones.
3.4 Bone and Calcium Homeostasis: the relationship between calcium level in the human body and the bone.
3.5 Bone Fractures: comminuted, compression, depressed, impacted, spiral and greenstick.
3.6 Axial and Appendicular Skeleton: skull, vertebral column, bony thorax, shoulder girdle, arm, hand, and pelvic girdle.
3.7 Articulations: two systems for classifying joints – according to the amount of movement they allow and according to their structure.
The Nervous System
4.1 Functions of the Nervous System: sensory input, integration, motor output.
4.2 Divisions of the Nervous System: central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS).
4.3 Neurons and Neuroglia: motor neurons, sensory neurons, interneurons, types of neuroglia.
4.4 Electric Signals and Neural Pathways: nerve signal conduction, transmission across a synapse.
4.5 Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems: structures and functions of the CNS and PNS.
4.6 Somatic Motor Nervous System: voluntary actions and reflexes.
4.7 Autonomic Motor Nervous System: sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.
The Sensory System / Senses
5.1 General Senses: mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, pain receptors, chemoreceptors, photoreceptors.
5.2 Senses of Taste and Smell: taste buds and how the brain receives taste information, olfactory cell and how the brain receives odor information.
5.3 Sense of Vision: eye and accessory organs of the eye, anatomy and physiology of the eye and vision pathway.
5.4 Sense of Hearing: anatomy of the ear and sound pathway.
5.5 Sense of Equilibrium: rotational equilibrium pathway and gravitational equilibrium pathway.
The Endocrine System
6.1 Definition of Hormones: what is hormone and how it affects the body.
6.2 Functions of the Endocrine System: general functions.
6.3 Mode of Action of Peptide and Steroid Hormones: direct gene activation and a second-messenger system.
6.4 Anatomical Location and Physiology of the Major Endocrine Glands: pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, thymus gland, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovary and testis.
6.5 Other Hormones: hormones released by placenta and other tissues.
The Blood
7.1 Functions of Blood: transport, defense, and regulation.
7.2 Components of Blood: plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets.
7.3 Hematopoiesis: the hematopoietic role of stem cells in the red bone marrow.
7.4 Hemostasis: vascular spasm, platelet plug formation and coagulation.
7.5 Blood Typing and Transfusions: ABO blood groups and Rh blood groups.
The Cardiovascular System
8.1 Anatomy of the Heart: the wall and coverings of the heart, chambers of the heart, operation of the heart valves and heart sounds.
8.2 Physiology of the Heart: conduction system of the heart, cardiac cycle, cardiac output.
8.3 Blood Vessels: arteries, capillaries, veins.
8.4 Circulation: blood flow, blood pressure, pulse, major systemic arteries, major systemic veins, and special systemic circulations.
The Lymphatic and Immune System
9.1 Functions of the Lymphatic System: fluid-balance, fat absorption, defense.
9.2 Organs, Tissues and Cells of the Immune System: red bone marrow, thymus gland, spleen, lymph nodes, lymphatic nodules.
9.3 Nonspecific and Specific Defenses: barriers to entry, inflammatory reaction, natural killer cells, protective proteins, B-cells and antibody-mediated immunity, structure and function of antibodies, classes of antibodies, T-cells and cell-mediated immunity, types of T cells and cytokines in cancer chemotherapy.
9.4 Immune Response: active immunity, passive immunity, monoclonal antibodies, hypersensitivity reactions.
The Respiratory System
10.1 Structure and Functions of the Respiratory System: organs of the upper respiratory tract and their functions, organs of the lower respiratory tract and their functions.
10.2 Mechanisms of Breathing: ventilation, respiratory volumes.
10.3 Gas Exchange and Transport: external respiration, internal respiration, gas transport (oxygen and carbon dioxide transport).
10.4 Respiration and Health: sinusitis, otitis media, tonsillitis, laryngitis, asthma, emphysema, lung cancer.
The Digestive System, Nutrition and Metabolism
11.1 Anatomy of the Digestive System: mouth, pharynx, swallowing process, wall of digestive tract, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine.
11.2 Accessory Organs of Digestion: pancreas, liver, gallbladder.
11.3 Digestive, Absorption and Transport.
11.4 Nutrition and Metabolism: glucose, fats, amino acids, vitamins, minerals and metabolism.
11.5 Eating Disorders: obesity, bulimia nervosa, anorexia nervosa.
The Urinary System
12.1 Organs of the Urinary System: kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra.
12.2 Anatomy of the Kidney and Excretion: anatomy of a nephron.
12.3 Functions of the Urinary System: excretion, preservation of water-salt balance, maintenance of BP and acid-base balance, secretion of hormones.
12.4 Urine Formation: glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, tubular secretion.
12.5 Fluid and Electrolyte Balance: reabsorption of water, reabsorption of electrolytes, diuretics.
12.6 Acid-Base Balance: acid-base buffer systems.
12.7 Problems with Kidney Function: urinalysis, hemodialysis, kidney transplant.
The Reproductive Systems
13.1 Functions of the Human Reproductive System
13.2 Male Reproductive System: primary sex organs, accessory sex organs, functions, spermatogenesis, hormones.
13.3 Female Reproductive System: primary sex organs, accessory sex organs, functions, oogenesis, hormones.
13.4 Menstrual Cycle: pre-ovulation events, post-ovulation events, menopause.
13.5 Control of Reproduction and Sexually Transmitted Infections: contraception, infertility, genital warts, genital herpes, hepatitis, Chlamydia, gonorrhea.
Frequently Asked Questions
Q1 : What is Anatomy and Physiology?
A1 : Anatomy is the study of structures and physiology is the study of functions.
A1 : Anatomy is the study of structures and physiology is the study of functions.