Cranial nerve I: Olfactory nerve
a. Anatomy - course and distribution of the olfactory nerve, limbic system relationship
b. Physiology - the sense of smell
c. Pathology - losing the sense of smell
d. Clinical examination: testing the sense of smell


Cranial nerve II: Optic nerve
a. Anatomy - visual pathway
b. Physiology - vision (i) acuity (ii) fields (iii) pupillary reflex
c. Pathology - visual abormalities based on function
d. Clinical examination: (i) visual acuity (ii) visual fields (iii) pupillary reflex

Cranial nerve III,IV and VI : Oculomotor, trochlear and abducens nerves
a. Anatomy - motor innervation of extraocular muscles
b. Physiology - eye movements - (i)gaze (ii) accommodation (iii) individual
c. Pathology - diplopia
d. Clinical examination: (i) eye movements

Cranial nerve V : Trigeminal nevre
a. Anatomy - Pathway for (i) sensory (ii) motor distribution
b. Physiology - Sensation and motor
c. Pathology - sensory loss of face and oral cavity, weakness of muscle of mastication
d. Clinical examination: (i) sensory to face (ii) weakness of muscle of mastication

Cranial nerve VII : Facial nerves
a. Anatomy - Pathway and distributions - motor
b. Physiology - Motor to facial muscles
c. Pathology - facial weakness (UMN vs LMN)
d. Clinical examination: movements of muscle of facial expression

Cranial nerve VIII : Vestibulocochlear nerve
a. Anatomy - pathway and distribution
b. Physiology - (i) auditory (ii) balance
c. Pathology - (i) hearing problems (ii) balance problem
d. Clinical examination: (i) hearing test - Rinne and Weber's test (ii) vestibular testing (iii)

Cranial nerve IX and X : Glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves
a. Anatomy - pathway and distribution,
b. Physiology - (i) touch sensation (ii) taste posterior 1/3 tongue (CN IX) (iii) taste to epiglottis and root of tongue (CN X) (iv) motor to muscles of the pharynx, soft palate and larynx (CN X)
c. Pathology - gag reflex problem, loss of taste posterior 1/3 of tongue
d. Clinical examination: gag reflex

Cranial nerve XI : Accessory nerve
a. Anatomy - pathway and distribution
b. Physiology - motor supply to the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles
c. Pathology - weakness of trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles
d. Clinical examination: assessment of power of (1) trapezius and (2) sternocleidomastoid muscles

Cranial nerve XII : Hypoglossal nerve
a. Anatomy - pathway and distribution
b. Physiology - motor supply to the muscles of the tongue (extrinsic except palatoglossus) and intrinsic)
c. Pathology - weakness of tongue muscles
d. Clinical examination: tongue muscles movements and muscle bulk

Principles of examination
a. Concept of localisation in neuroscience
b. Steps in making a diagnosis.
c. Unravelling the symptoms, deciphering the signs

Q1 : Does the sense of smell change the sense of taste?
A1 : Odour (the smell we perceive) affects the sense of taste of the food we eat and vice versa. This is evident when we loose our sense of smell, for example when we have blocked nose from flu, the food we eat taste different or bland. The smell of the food we eat gives us flavour - a combination of taste and smell.

Q2 : Can tunnel vision be caused by a specific lesion?
A2 : Tunnel vision is also known bitemporal hemianopia is a specific neruological sign that is related to optic chiasma, where anatomically the fibres from the medial side of the retina cross the midline thus damage in that region cause loss of vision in the temporal visual field.

Q3 : Can double vision (diplopia) be present when one eye is closed?
A3 : Yes, if the cause of the double vision is in the eyeball structure - lens dislocation.

Q4 : Can someone with facial weakness, show facial expression with emotions?
A4 : Facial weakness can be divided into upper and lower motor neuron types, which have different site of pathology. Due the different pathway used in emotional facial expression, upper motor neuron facial weakness can have facial muscles contraction based on emotional rather than voluntary somatic control.

Q5 : Can damage to one ear totally cause hearing loss?
A5 : Damage to one ear, or vestibulocochlear nerve will not cause hearing loss as the supranuclear connection to each nucleus is bilateral to the auditory cortex.